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Publishers who relied on good girl art combined with bondage covers for their sales (such as "jungle girl" publisher Fiction House) quickly went out of business due to restrictions enforced by the CCA. It was essentially the job of the CCA to censor the comic industry from publishing material that would be considered inappropriate for impressionable minors. Wertham's book led to the creation of the Comics Code Authority (CCA) in 1954, which shook up the comic book industry. The Comics Code Authority Spider-Woman #6 (1978): A more overt CCA-approved bondage cover Despite being a symbol of female empowerment, Wonder Woman has appeared in bondage on more covers than any other well-known superhero. This cover, featuring a buxom Phantom Lady struggling to escape from ropes, was presented by Wertham along with the caption: "Sexual stimulation by combining 'headlights' with the sadist's dream of tying up a woman." Even the most famous female superhero in comics, Wonder Woman, was pointed out by Wertham as having a bondage subtext. On his list of targets were the numerous "jungle girl" titles as well as Phantom Lady, whose notorious issue #17 bondage cover art was singled out for attack. Controversy intensified in the socially conservative 1950's, prompting psychiatrist Fredric Wertham to write his famous 1954 book "Seduction of the Innocent." Wertham contended that comic books were corrupting the minds of young people with their excessive violence and degradation of women. Controversy Phantom Lady #17 (1949): The bondage cover condemned by Werthamīecause comic books of the era were mainly targeted towards younger readers, bondage covers attracted controversy due to being perceived as lurid and provocative. ![]() When Superman's girlfriend Lois Lane made her first cover appearance in 1940 ( Action Comics #29), she was depicted as a bound-and-gagged damsel in distress. Bondage covers were also a frequent theme of early superhero titles. By contrast, the male hero of the series, Ka'a'nga, was always shown rushing to the woman's rescue and was almost never depicted as a captive himself. In Jungle Comics (1940-1954), one of the first titles to prominently feature bondage covers, a fur-bikini clad heroine appeared in bondage on no less than 50 covers of the title's 163 issue run. ![]() The provocative appeal of such covers accounted for their popularity and proliferation. Most of the Golden Age bondage covers showed not only a bound woman, but also portrayed her under threat from a villain/animal/monster or some other deadly danger (fire, drowning, a ticking time bomb, oncoming vehicle, etc). History Golden Age Fight Comics #50 (1947): Typical Jungle girl bondage coverīondage covers were very common in the Golden Age of Comics and fairly common in the early Silver Age. Bound characters may also be gagged, usually with cloth or tape, to further the appearance of helplessness. ![]() Webs, nets, and glowing energy bonds have also been used as restraining devices. Often-seen 'living' restraints include vines, roots, tentacles, snakes, or other rope-like appendages. Ropes, chains, and shackles are the most commonly seen restraining devices, but the restraining material is limited only by the imagination of the artist. Comic book bondage covers are generally considered to depict the physical restraint of a female character (examples with male characters are far less frequent and are usually not considered as exploitative in nature, due to the target audience being predominantly male). ![]() Translator apps that leverage the power of a camera are becoming increasingly popular, especially with travellers. Camera translators or photo translators are a thing now. Today, camera use cases are not limited to photography and recording videos anymore. 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The best Russian translator is a native Russian speaker. They are trained in both pair languages – Russian and English. Then the professional editor proofreads the final text. The app works on any device, including smartphones.Russian to English image translator serviceĮvery translation is generated by humans only. It can also translate files hosted on websites without downloading them to your computer. ![]() Files translation can be converted into multiple formats, shared via email or URL and saved to your device. This free online app powered by GroupDocs Translation API can translate any document from Russian to English. The API not only translates text, but also accurately preserves metadata, structure, styles, and layout of documents. Running on a high-performance cloud server hosted by GroupDocs, it can translate texts and all popular document formats across 104 language pairs. 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Online any document translation from Russian to English ![]() Make sure the Subtitles option in the left menu is still selected. ![]() On the next window, click SETTINGS: Subtitles 3. 1.~ From the KODI home screen, click INSTALLER (box icon top left)>INSTALL FROM REPOSITORY 2.~ KODI ADDON REPOSITORY 3.~SUBTITLES 4.~ OPENSUBTITLES.ORG 5.~ INSTALL If you just want subtitles and NOT auto subtitles STOP HERE 6.~ Go back one screen and click INSTALLER (box icon top left)>KODI ADDON REPOSITORY 7.~ Click SERVICES>AUTOSUBS>INSTALL 8.~ Go back to KODI home screen, click SYSTEM (cog wheel top left)>PLAYER SETTINGS 9.~ LANGUAGE>select PREFERRED SUBTITLE LANGUAGE to your language 10.~ Exit to the KODI home screen and play a movie/tv show, if subtitles are available they will appear automatically KODI 16.1 1.~ From the KODI home screen, click SYSTEM>ADDONS>INSTALL FROM REPOSITORY 2.~ KODI ADDON REPOSITORY 3.~SUBTITLES 4.~ OPENSUBTITLES.ORG 5.~ INSTALL If you just want subtitles and NOT auto subtitles STOP HERE 6.~ Go back one screen and click SERVICES>AUTOSUBS>INSTALL 7.~ Go to the KODI home screen>click SYSTEM>VIDEO 8.~ Click SETTINGS LEVEL at the bottom to ADVANCED or EXPERT 9.~ SUBTITLES>select PREFERRED SUBTITLE LANGUAGE to your language 10. 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LVL stands for Laminated Veneer Lumber and is similar to plywood in appearance. LVL Beam width should be 1/4 to 1/3 beam depth.Video can’t be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: What is Laminated Veneer Lumber? (LVL) () LVL beam span calculator, design an LVL beam depth based on the rule of thumb for estimating the depth of manufactured beams which is to divide the span in inches by 20. Beam depths are typically 5 1/2 inches, 7 1/4 inches, 9 1/4 inches, 11 1/4 inches, 11 7/8 inches, 14 inches, 16 inches, 18 inches, and 20 inches. The width can be increased by laminating in multiples of 1 3/4 inches. LVL Beam width should be 1/4 to 1/3 beam depth.ĭesign a beam width based on the fact that the typical width of an LVL beam is 1 3/4 inches. Rule of thumb for sizing LVL beamĭesign an LVL beam depth based on the rule of thumb for estimating the depth of manufactured beams which is to divide the span in inches by 20. For example: An 12 inches deep an LVL beam can span up to 20 feet (12″÷12× 20= 20 foot). LVL span calculatorĬalculate LVL beam span on the rule of thumb for estimating the span of LVL manufactured beam which is to multiply the depth in feet by figure 20, resulting figure is span of LVL beam. LVL beam thickness is usually between 1-3/4″ (one ply) and 7 inches (4ply). Generally, you can find LVL beams in a 4-foot increments starting at 24 feet and going up to 44 feet long, with special customize size up to 60 feet. LVL beam width should be 1/4 to 1/3 beam depth.įor example what size lvl beam for a 20 foot span, as per general thumb rule, for a 20 foot span, size of LVL beam or GLULAM should be (20×12)÷20 = 12 inches deep and width of LVL beam = 12÷ 4 = 3″, which is nearly equal as 3-1/2 inches or 2ply wide, thus you need something like a 12″ thick or 3-1/2″× 11-7/8″ size of LVL beam to span up to 20 feet.Īn LVL beam can span up to 60 feet due to its strength and is much stronger than traditional lumber. Because of the wood’s dimensional stability, inspection times are often reduced, too.īeam depths are typically 5-1/2 inches, 7-1/4 inches, 9-1/4 inches, 11-1/4 inches, 11-7/8 inches, 14 inches, 16 inches, 18 inches and 20 inches. Use an LVL beam to eliminate twisting and splitting for quiet floors. It is a straight, enough strong wood that fights warping and shrinking, providing great stability for your projects. LVL beam is generally made of thin sheets of wood which are sandwiched and bound with super stronger glue. It helps in better understanding about span and depth of LVL beam. This article describe about LVL beam span calculator and how to determine size of beam do you need. It is typically used for headers, beams, rim board, and edge-forming material. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives. LVL is product of recent innovation they are result of new technology and economic pressure to make use of new wood species and smaller trees that cannot be used to make solid Lumber. The American wood Council National design specification for wood, lvl is type of structural composite lumber comparable to glued laminated timber (Glulam). |
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